риш учун талаб этиладиган кучнинг қиймати [Рc]=400–550 Н атрофида бўлиши кераклиги аниқланган. Шунингдек, танлан- ган эккичлар ва сирпанчиқни конструктив ўлчамларини ифодаларда иштирок этаётган катталикларнинг қийматларини ҳисобга олсак, яъни bc= 22 см, l= 6 см, ho = 0,5 см, q = 4,5 Н/см3, тик босимнинг кучи Рc = 594 Н га тенг эканлиги аниқланган. Ривожланган давлатларда ишлаб чиқилган ва фойдаланилаётган секцияли сеялкаларнинг конструкциясини ва секцияли сеялкаларни ишлаб чиқиш учун қўйилган талабларни ҳисобга олган ҳолда республикамизда фойдаланилаётган чигит экиш сеялкасини такомиллаштиришга эътибор қилиш масаласи ҳақиқтан ҳам долзарб муаммолар қаторидан жой олган. Фойдаланилаётган моноблокли сеялкани такомиллаштириш мақсадида республикамизда биринчилар қаторида чигитни қаторлаб ёки қўш қаторлаб экувчи секциянинг лойиҳаси ишлаб чиқилди ва синов варианти тайёрланди. Унинг асосий қисмлари сифатида секциянинг ўзи, сирпанчиқли эккич, миқдорлагич ва унга ҳаракат узатувчи қисмлар ва зичловчи ғал- таклар танланди. Пахта чигитини экишда ёрғичсимон эккичлар қўлланилгани учун, сирпанчиқларга қотирилади. Сирпанчиқ эса эк- кичлар томонидан экилаётган уруғнинг экиш чуқурлигини чегаралайди. Шуларни ҳисобга олган ҳолда пахта чигитини қўш қатор экиш учун битта сирпанчиқда иккита эккич ўрнатилди. Улар ўрнатилган сирпанчиқнинг самарали ишлаши учун ўлчамлари тўғри танланиши зарур. Таянч сўзлар: пахта чигити, қўш қатор экиш, эккичлар сирпанчиғи, экиш чуқурлиги, тумшуқнинг баландлиги, нормал куч, ишқаланиш кучи, тик куч.

In modern global conditions, conflict situations (economic, political, social, spiritual, moral, cultural, internal, external, personal, etc.) and their direction have a broad global scope. Legislation on development, the development of science and technology, environmental, medical and educational problems and market relations serve as motivation for conflict situations. One of the requirements of today is the development of conflicts between teachers and students and measures to eliminate them. Key words: conflict, teacher, student, adaptation, educational process, responsibility, theoretical knowledge.

In the given article the ways that ESP combines subject matter and English language teaching is discussed. This approach can be highly motivating for students because students are able to apply what they learn in their English classes to their main field of study, whether it be law, computing, business, tourism, etc. Being able to use the vocabulary and structures that they learn in a meaningful context reinforces what is taught and increases their motivation. Nevertheless, ESP concentrates more on language in context than on teaching grammar and language structures. Additionally, the ways of teaching English in ESL classes and the importance of Teaching English for Specific Purposes especially Agriculture-related English are also illustrated. Key words: ESP (English for Specific Purposes), Agriculture-related English, ESP learners, dictionary, specialty, specialism, EGP(English for General Purposes), vocabulary, matching, guessing words, gap fill, ESL (English as a Second Language).

The article addresses current issues of higher education, taking into account its specifics. She has been providing appropriate advice on improving girls' physical well-being. The use of opportunities and qualities has an impact on the creation of comfortable conditions for female athletes. For girls involved in sports, the creation of impressive quality and possible conditions is considered. As a result, the girls-athletes of our institute took 2-3 places in the district and city qualifying rounds of chess, table tennis and won a ticket to the republican stage. At the republican stage, 2 female students of our team took 4th place in table tennis and 5th place in drafts. Key words: Firmness, physical properties, restraint, aesthetic qualities, normative indecators.

In the article a recent trend in higher education is ESP (English for Specific Purposes) courses is discussed. These courses are designed around students’ needs based on their field of study. The goal is to strengthen students’ proficiency and help them to get ready to cope with everyday situations and deal with professionals in many fields such as: engineering, medicine, education and IT. There are many training sessions organized by international experts whose goal is to train local teachers to teach these courses successfully. In order to develop an ability to learn new vocabulary, for both general English and technical vocabulary in learning ESP (English for Specific Purposes), the students should become aware of the importance of language learning strategies and be trained to use them appropriately. The teachers put a lot of effort toward helping them to learn vocabulary related to their field of study.. Key words: English, phrase matching, filling in missing spaces, information technology, language learning strategy, vocabulary development, English for specific purposes, environmental issues.

The article analyzes the prerequisites for creating a market for agricultural land in the Republic of Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to land reform, land degradation (reduction of the bonitet score from 60 in 1991 to 50 or more at present, pasture degradation by 20-30%) and increase in economic from their use, the role of land rent in payments for land. 6 basic principles for creating a land market have been established and systematized, the relationship between X-rays and water in the irrigated farming zone, the role of the market in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of land and water resources in the republic has been noted. Key words: land, market, restriction, government regulation, property, rent, land rent, land-use efficiency.

The article examines the experience of the formation of the agricultural land market in Eastern European countries since the 90 s of the twentieth century, the problems and features of its devel-opment, the impact of the land market on the economies of countries. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of land ownership, methods of land privatization, land pricing, restrictions on land purchase, regulation of land relations in market conditions, issues of granting the right to pur-chase land to foreign individuals and legal entities, requirements for land owners for the presence of a special agricultural education or 3-5 years of work experience in this area. Private property in these countries contains from 39% to 94% of all land, and the cost of land ranges from 1.15 to 13.0 thou-sand US dollars per 1 hectare. The possibilities of using the positive experience of creating a land market in these countries during the implementation of land reform in Uzbekistan have been ana-lyzed. Key words: land, property, rent, price, market, restrictions, transparency, transactions, taxes.

The importance of higher education in scientific research, its role in poverty reduction and population growth has been studied theoretically. Also, when using the data of social surveys conducted by 538 respondents (students) studying in higher education institutions, they were awarded the Order of the logistics regulator in the economic assessment of the factors influencing the rate of mastery of disciplines. Factors influencing the acquisition of subjects by students: the main income of the family comes from non-farm (69,9 %), sex (52,2 %), studying at a higher education institution on a state grant (108,8 %), the student's course of study (29,2 %), the student's place of study in the subject area (210,4 %), permanent residence 1 percent (p <.01) was found to be statistically significant. Also, the higher the rate of mastery of subjects by male (male) students than by female (female) students and students living permanently in urban areas by students permanently residing in rural areas. There are scientifically based conclusions and recommendations for students to increase the rate of mastery of subjects in higher education institutions. Key words: нigher education institutions, subject mastery index, family income, income from poor economic activity, Order logistic regression model, marginal impact.

In the modern industrialized world, various raw materials are processed and used for human consumption. While some of the raw materials are converted into the desired product, the rest is thrown into the environment as waste. It is known that solid waste is a type of biomass that is formed in the course of human life. The article presents the results of a preliminary analysis of studies on the use of solid waste energy in the Urta-Chirchik district of the Tashkent region. Sorting results showed that the total volume of municipal solid waste in the district consists mainly of wood waste (47.9%), textiles (13%), food (9.5%), polyethylene (8.9%), and etc. Analysis of the results showed that the moisture content of municipal solid waste and wood waste in this area was 13.05 and 18.22 %, respectively. This indicates that general samples of municipal solid waste have a high energy value. Key words: biomass, municipal solid waste, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon content.

The article describes the possibilities of electrophysical processing before planting cuttings during vegetative cultivation of grape seedlings. The processes of root formation in cuttings using the electrophysical method in the article Acceleration of the process of root formation in cuttings of black raisins, treated at 71 V/m and an electric field strength of 15 hours, and an increase in the viability, quality, growth and survival of rooted seedlings up to 16.67-34% Presented the results of experiments on the increase and methods of electrotechnological processing of grape cuttings. The result of the study is the analysis and results of the processes of root formation of black currant grape cuttings with an electric field strength of 71 V/m and a processing time of 4,8,12,15 and 24 hours. When the electrical treatment time (electric field strength 71 V/m) is 4 to 8 hours, the consistency of grape cuttings is 66.66%, 83.33% in 12 and 24 hours, 100% in 15 hours compared to the control option (66.66%), and the results are described in the article. Key words: electrical circuit, resistance, grapes, cuttings, vegetative propagation, electric field strength, electrostimulation, voltage, electromagnetic field energy.

The article theoretically investigates the issue of identifying ways to ensure the deepening of the working bodies of the machine for processing ridges to a given processing depth and its required uniformity of stroke. The research results show that the deepening of the working bodies of the ridges processing machine to a given processing depth and its required uniformity is provided mainly due to the correct choice of the vertical distance from its reference plane to the lower connection points. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that an analytical dependence has been obtained that allows us to determine the vertical force of the soil reaction to the support wheels of the machine for processing ridges, taking into account the dimensions and parameters of the tractor attachment mechanism and its attachment device. It is established that in order to ensure the deepening of the working bodies of the ridges processing machine, aggregated with row tractors of class 1.4-2.0, widely used at present in the agricultural production of the republic, to a given depth and uniformity of their course at this depth, i.e. to ensure the consistency of the processing depth, the vertical distance from its reference plane to the lower attachment points should be at least 47.2 cm. Key words: machine for processing ridges, processing depth and its uniformity, support wheel, pointed paw, rotary ripper, roller, resistance force.

The article presents materials devoted to the justification of the parameters of the crown-wheel of the combined aggreagate. The technological process of work and the design of the working part, which is crushed by crushing cotton stalks, without breaking them, laying them on the movement of the unit, has been substantiated and developed. The optimal parameters of the crown-wheel and the tooth are determined by solving the regression equations that determine the optimal values of the vertical load on the teeth and its working quality. The results of theoretical and experimental research show that the amount of crushing of cotton stalks is higher when the tooth thickness is 3.5 mm and the shape of the blade is curved. Crushing and disintegration of cotton stalks at the level of agro-technical requirements is provided by means of a crown-wheel with a simple structure and small metal size, diameter 400-470 mm, width 20 cm and the number of teeth 14. The vertical load on the crown- wheel is ensured when the degree of crushing of cotton stalks is not less than 1815 N, when the depth of the cut of the cotton stalk is greater than its radius is higher than 23%. Key words: Cotton field, cotton stalk, crushing, combined aggregate, gear roller, tooth blade shape and size.

Investigations of the design of a combined machine equipped with an innovative casing and a leveler apron are presented, and the parameters of the leveler apron are substantiated. It was experimentally established that when the height of the drawing prism is exceeded by more than 200 mm, due to the falling of the crumbling part of the soil onto the rotor, the soil is thrown forward in the direction of the machine. Therefore, to eliminate soil waste, it is necessary either to reduce the height of the drag prism, or to increase the distance between the rotor and the leveling apron. However, in the latter case, the overall dimensions increase, hence the weight of the machine, which is undesirable. The rational value of the working length of the leveler apron, which excludes repeated exposure of the rotor knives to the soil, is 205–220 mm, and the radius of curvature rз from the lower rounded part of the working surface is р > 101.5 mm. Key words: tillage machine, rotor, casing, apron-leveler, radius, knife, tillage.

The article discusses an improvement method based on the laws of flow in the development of resource-saving devices on the basis of an analytical analysis of research on the use of jet water lifters in the national economy. The hydraulic parameters of the jet water elevator are theoretically substantiated, the dependences obtained are experimentally verified. On the basis of the experiments carried out, the economic parameters of the jet water lift were determined. The laboratory jet water lifting device is intended for pumping water from a well from a depth of 1 m to a height of 2 m. The working head Hp = 1 m and the working flow rate Q = 29.52 ·10-5 m3⁄s are determined. In studies carried out in laboratory conditions, the amount of water supply was determined at various pressures of the jet water lift. On the basis of theoretical studies and experimental data, the characteristics of the flow rate of the jet water lift are constructed. Key words: jet, resource-saving, nozzle, diffuser, flow, speed.

The article provides a recommendation for the efficient use of water resources in the basins of small foothill rivers. The research was carried out on the example of the Govasay river basin located in the northern part of the Fergana Valley. The efficiency factor of the canal has been determined and a technical assessment has been given for the management of water resources in the river basin; the efficiency of the canal is 65-75%. A program for the operational management of water resources in The Govasay river basin and a GIS map of water consumers in the Govasay river basin have been created. Key words: river basin, water resources, flood, structures, irrigational canal, water distribution, operational management, water consumers.

The article describes the main factors affecting the rise in the level of groundwater in the city of Fergana and ways to eliminate them. Currently, in order to reduce the negative impact of rising groundwater levels on the environment, crops, buildings and structures, as well as underground utilities, it is proposed to design horizontal drainage in urban areas and a mathematical model has been developed for changing the groundwater level. For this, long-term data from observation wells were analyzed and the hydraulic parameters of horizontal drainage were selected taking into account the hydrogeology of the area. Taking into account the terrain and characteristics of the soil layers, the possibility of diverting the collected water outside the city through the "Margilan Say" passing through the city center has been developed. This equation is solved by a numerical calculation method, and the results are presented in the form of a 3D graphic mode, where the change in the groundwater level is presented in different colors. Based on numerical solutions and analysis of data from observation wells, it is shown that the groundwater level can be lowered due to horizontal drainage. The adequacy of the results was assessed by comparing data collected in natural field conditions. Key words: horizontal drainage, groundwater, filtration coefficient, groundwater level, infiltration, conductivity, mathematical model, physical model.

The article studies the parameters of a pulsating fluid flow that lead to vibration in the pipeline. A mathematical model has been developed for the vibration of a viscoelastic pipeline based on the theory of beams when a pulsating fluid flows through it. Using the Bubnov-Galerkin method, based on a polynomial approximation of deflections, the problem is reduced to the study of systems of ordinary integro-differential equations, the solution of which is found by a numerical method. A computational algorithm has been developed for solving the problems of oscillation of composite pipelines with a flowing pulsating fluid. The influence of the singularity in the nuclei of heredity on the vibrations of structures with viscoelastic properties is studied numerically. It is shown that with an increase in the viscosity parameter of the pipeline material, the critical flow rate decreases. It was revealed that an increase in the value of the pulsation frequency of the liquid and the excitation coefficient leads to a decrease in the critical velocity of the liquid flow. Key words: numerical simulation, vibration, pulsating fluid, pipeline, critical speed.

In Uzbekistan, research work is being carried out aimed at improving the economic mechanisms for the introduction of water-saving technologies for irrigating agricultural crops. At the same time, the issues related to the analysis of the effectiveness of the use of water-saving technologies when irrigating cotton, the development of mathematical methods for assessing the effectiveness of investments, as well as their introduction into practice have not been sufficiently studied. This article provides a mathematical model of the efficiency of investments aimed at introducing water-saving technologies. The results of a numerical experiment of a mathematical model show that the introduction of water-saving technologies is effective with government subsidies, and also provides a justification for various forms (tax exemption, customs duties, in the form of funds) of subsidies. Key words: mathematical model, irrigation technology, investment, efficiency, transversality condition.

В статье проанализированы возможные критерии оптимальности в виде технико-экономических показателей процесса культивирования микроорганизмов, экстремум которых наилучшим образом отвечает задачам производства и отражает основные стороны функционирования объекта управления. Выполнен анализ возможных режимов культи¬вирования микроводорослей. Обоснованы два алгоритма оптимизации. Первый основан на методе случайного поис¬ка с абсолютным смещением алгоритма оптимизации процесса культивирования микроорганизмов при непрерывной регенерации потока в одном культиваторе. Второй, представляет собой алгоритм определения оптимального времени пребывания частиц хлореллы в многостадийных культиваторах, ориентированный на метод динамического програм¬мирования, реализованный при рекуррентном соотношении Веллмана. Разработанный алгоритм оперативного прогно-зирования и автоматического управления процессом культивирования хлореллы позволяет при заданных производ¬ственных условиях и составе питательных веществ повысить производительность технологического оборудования и улучшить качество целевого продукта, а также заблаговременно предотвратить различные нежелательнее, непредви¬денные и аварийные производственные ситуации. Ключевые слова: автоматизация, хлорелла, микроводоросли, математическая модель, критерий оптимальности, алгоритм.

This article aims to study the impact of the pandemic on food consumption by families in Uzbekistan. The shock of the pandemic is threatening the well-being of families in Uzbekistan, as in all developing countries. The study focuses on the effects of changes in food prices, declining consumption, and changes in household incomes. The Instrumental regression model was used in the factor impact analysis. Data for analysis were collected online by messenger groups from families in urban and rural areas of Uzbekistan. Results of the Econometric analysis demonstrated that the decline in food consumption in households was assessed by a decrease in income, a growth in total expenditures, and debt factors. The declining food supply in rural areas did not have a significant impact on consumption, but this figure was higher in urban regions. Key words: COVID-19, family borrow, food consumption, income